Sudan and South Sudan

Timeline

PEACE ELUSIVE AS SECURITY WORSENS 

2003
Feb - Two rebel groups rise up and attack government military installations, saying Khartoum neglects arid region and arms Arab militia against civilians
2004
Apr - U.N. humanitarian chief Jan Egeland says scorched-earth tactics trigger "one of the world's worst humanitarian crises"
Government, Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebels agree 45-day ceasefire
May - U.N. human rights report says Sudanese troops and militia may be guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity
Government, rebels agree to African, EU ceasefire monitors
International donors conference seeks $236 million
Jun - Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir orders all groups in Darfur to be disarmed
Oct - Rwandan troops join Nigerian soldiers monitoring shaky ceasefire
Nov - Sudan signs two peace deals with rebels, banning military flights over Darfur and covering security and humanitarian access
Sudan says it has lifted all restrictions on aid workers and revoked a state of emergency in North Darfur state
Dec - Sudan agrees to stop military operations in Darfur and asks AU to request rebels do same
Dec 21 - Save the Children pulls staff out of Darfur after four killed
2005
Mar - Sudan says has arrested military and security officials accused of rape, killing and burning villages
U.S. abstains as U.N. votes to refer war crimes suspects in Darfur to the International Criminal Court. ICC launches formal investigations in June
May - Donors pledge nearly $300 million to fund a bigger AU force
2006
Mar - Thousands protest in Khartoum against any deployment of U.N. troops to Darfur
Apr - Chad breaks off diplomatic relations, accusing Sudan of backing insurgents trying to overthrow Chad's president
U.N. Security Council imposes sanctions on four Sudanese accused of abuses in Darfur
May - Sudan and an SLA faction sign peace deal. SLA rival faction and JEM reject deal
AU interpreter killed and Oxfam worker stabbed in demonstrations at camps in Darfur over peace accords and lack of protection
Jul - New SLA faction emerges. Chad starts trying to mend diplomatic relations with Khartoum. Relief International aid worker killed
Oct - U.N. Sudan mission head Jan Pronk expelled after saying army has suffered two major defeats at hands of rebels
Nov - U.N. says Sudan accepts the principle of allowing U.N. troops
Norwegian Refugee Council closes its Darfur operation, citing Sudanese government obstruction
Chad's prime minister calls for a "general mobilisation" to counter what he says are Sudanese military attacks in eastern Chad
Dec - President Bashir endorses a three-step U.N. proposal to strengthen AU force with small number of U.N. troops and police
Two major attacks targeted at aid agency compounds force hundreds of relief workers to relocate temporarily
2007
Jan - Sudanese Air Force bombs two villages in north Darfur, disrupting plans for a meeting of rebel commanders to provide impetus for renewed dialogue
European Union threatens Sudan with sanctions if it refuses to allow U.N. peacekeepers into Darfur
Darfur police and security officials arrest 20 U.N., AU and aid workers at a social gathering. Five are beaten with rifles, and one accuses police of sexual assault
Feb - ICC chief prosecutor names Sudan's humanitarian affairs minister and a militia commander as first suspects he wants tried for war crimes
Mar - U.N. humanitarian chief John Holmes, on his first trip to Darfur, is barred from visiting a camp
SLM warns its peace agreement with the government is in danger of collapsing following clashes
Sudan signs agreement with U.N. pledging to give humanitarian groups better access in Darfur
U.S. threatens new sanctions on Khartoum but later agrees to hold off to give U.N. time to negotiate
Apr - Khartoum agrees to let 3,000 U.N. peacekeepers into Darfur. Several aid agencies, including Oxfam, Save the Children Spain and Mercy Corps, temporarily suspend work in western Darfur because of violence
May - Sudan and Chad sign reconciliation deal. Washington tightens sanctions
Jul - Five rebel groups, including two SLA factions, unite to form the United Front for Liberation and Development (UFLD) ahead of possible peace talks
U.N. Security Council authorises up to 26,000 troops and police for a "hybrid" U.N.-African Union operation in Darfur and approves the use of force to protect civilians
Sept - AU soldiers killed after armed men launch an assault on the AU's Haskanita base in Darfur. The base is destroyed
Oct - Armed groups raze government-held Haskanita town. Rebels say attack was carried out by government forces and militia groups
Rebels say government troops and allied militia attack Muhajiriya, a town controlled by the SLA. Government forces deny attack
Armed men kill three World Food Programme drivers in South Darfur
Government-backed militias attack Kalma refugee camp, South Darfur
Government forces attack Hamidiya refugee camp, West Darfur
JEM claims it has attacked Sudan's Defra oil field in Kordofan, killing 20 government soldiers and taking two foreign hostages. It threatens more assaults on oil installations
Libya hosts peace talks between Khartoum, pro-government Arab militias and rebel forces. But key rebel factions stay away
2008
Jan - U.N.-AU peacekeeping force takes over from overstretched AU mission
Jan and Feb - Sudanese air and ground assaults near Chad border. U.N. report says 115 people killed and 30,000 driven from homes. It accuses army of raping and looting. Chad threatens to expel any more refugees arriving from Darfur
Mar - Sudan and Chad presidents sign non-aggression deal in effort to end cross-border rebel attacks
Apr - U.N. raises Darfur death toll estimate to 300,000 in five years, against previous estimate of 200,000. Khartoum gives figure of 10,000
Jul - ICC chief prosecutor charges Sudan's president with masterminding genocide campaign, killing 35,000 people and persecuting 2.5 million. Khartoum dismisses charges
Bashir makes rare visit to Darfur
Aug - Bashir says he'll ask peacekeepers to leave if ICC issues warrant
Oct - Bashir launches national initiative for peace with a forum to discuss the conflict. Rebel groups refuse to attend
Nov - Bashir announces ceasefire
2009
Feb - JEM and Khartoum sign goodwill agreement paving the way for peace talks. The agreement stops short of a ceasefire, and hostilities between the two sides continue
Mar - International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Bashir over war crimes in Darfur. Government expels 13 foreign aid groups from Sudan, and closes three local aid agencies in Darfur. The expulsion threatens aid programmes in south and east Sudan, as well as Darfur
2010
Apr - Omar al-Bashir wins Sudan's first multi-party elections in 24 years. International observers criticise the election as falling short of international standards
July - International Criminal Court issues second arrest warrant for President al-Bashir on charges of genocide.
2011
Jan – The people of southern Sudan vote in favour of full independence from the north
February – Clashes between security forces and rebels in southern Sudan's Jonglei state leave more than 100 dead
Fighting near Abyei
March – Government of South Sudan says it is suspending talks with the North, accusing it of plotting a coup
April – Airstrike - allegedly by Israel - hits a car near Port Sudan, in a case thought to involve weapons smuggling to militants in Gaza
May – Fighting breaks out in disputed region of Abyei, with most of the civilian population forced to flee
June – Violence escalates in oil-rich South Kordofan state, with reports of mass atrocities against civilians
July 9 – South Sudan to form independent country

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